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Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico: Argentina tiene la tasa de incidencia más alta de todo el mundo
El 19 de agosto es el Día Nacional de Lucha contra el Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico (SUH). Durante la jornada, las instituciones de salud intensifican la información sobre esta enfermedad, que afecta principalmente a niños, adolescentes, ancianos y personas inmunodeprimidas, y las formas de prevenirla.
Con tal motivo, el Ministerio de Salud Pública recuerda que el SUH es la principal causa de insuficiencia renal aguda en lactantes y niños y la segunda de insuficiencia renal crónica en la población argentina. Además, ocasiona el 20% de los trasplantes de riñón en niños y adolescentes.
Se trata de una enfermedad grave, pero prevenible, que se transmite, principalmente, por alimentos contaminados por varias cepas de la bacteria escherichia coli, que produce una toxina que suele encontrarse en la materia fecal de animales y humanos.
Diversos factores favorecen la enfermedad, como la elaboración de alimentos sin el adecuado manejo, las actividades en el ámbito rural, la exposición al ganado, al ambiente y las aguas de recreación.
Se estima que, en la Argentina, por año, se producen alrededor de 5000 infecciones con escherichia coli y se diagnostican más de 400 casos de SUH. De estas infecciones, un 10% son niños menores de cinco años, los cuales están en alto riesgo por la afección aguda de los riñones y potencial necesidad de trasplante renal.
El Día Nacional de Lucha contra el Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico fue instituido en el año 2013, como homenaje al médico pediatra e investigador argentino Carlos Arturo Gianantonio, nacido el 19 de agosto de 1926 y fallecido en 1995, quien es reconocido como precursor en la lucha contra la enfermedad.
Alimentos contaminados
Los alimentos que pueden portar la bacteria son, la carne, las hortalizas crudas y los lácteos. También, otras preparaciones como arrollado de carne y salame.
Para evitar la contaminación a través de la carne, se la debe cocinar bien, hasta el punto en que desaparece el jugo rosado, sobre todo cuando se trata de carne picada.
Los vegetales y frutas a consumir crudos deben lavarse con agua segura. Se debe evitar consumir jugos y leche no pasteurizados, o productos elaborados con leche sin pasteurizar. También, es importante corroborar la fecha de vencimiento de los alimentos elaborados y verificar la integridad de los envases.
Se recomienda adquirir los productos de origen animal y vegetal en establecimientos que reúnan condiciones de higiene y habilitación; lavarse las manos con agua y jabón siempre y especialmente después de usar el baño, cambiar pañales, tocar animales, manipular carne y vegetales crudos, antes de cocinar y comer.
Se aconseja utilizar utensilios de cocina diferenciados, para carne cruda y carne cocida. Los alimentos crudos, en especial las carnes, no deben entrar en contacto con los cocidos. Se recomienda consumir agua potabilizada, conservar la cadena de frío de alimentos y evitar que los menores de cinco años consuman chacinados y carnes de animales faenados en forma casera. Al descongelar alimentos, hacerlo en la heladera o el horno, nunca a temperatura ambiente.
Síntomas de la enfermedad
El síndrome urémico hemolítico se manifiesta principalmente con diarrea, vómito y dolor abdominal. En casos más severos, puede manifestarse con fiebre, heces con sangre y fétidas, irritabilidad, debilidad y letargo, escasa orina, palidez, distensión abdominal, hematomas, hemorragias subcutáneas, convulsiones y piel amarillenta.
Ante la presencia de estos síntomas en menores de cinco años, se recomienda la consulta inmediata con un médico.
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